The Antennae Galaxies, NGC 4038/4039. Image Credit: NASA/ESA/Hubble Heritage Team/B. WhitmoreThe attending students will read Toomre & Toomre’s seminal 1972 paper Galactic Bridges and Tails (sections 2, 5, and 7). Then I will lead them through some of the historical context of “normal” galaxies and “peculiar” galaxies. I’ll connect the Toomres’ work to ongoing work in understanding galaxy evolution and how the Milky Way will evolve in the future.